International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research

Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Gabapentin Controlled Release Tablets Using Natural Polymers

V. Sruthi — 2025-07-07

This research set out to find the best way to use various grades of controlled-release polymer. To create a new one that would be just as effective as the original, but cheaper, and of better quality. The dosage form was designed using Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC K15MCR) as matrix builders. Research on the compatibility of medication and polymer was carried out. The flowability of the powder blend was optimized after studying the blend. Uniformity Compressing free-flowing powder directly into tablet form was the method of choice. They were successfully combined with the HPMC, MCC, and DCP networks. In order to compare different dissolution characteristics, we also presented the mean dissolving time. Clinical trials have shown that controlled-release gabapentin tablets are formulated by direct compression outperforms its immediate-release counterparts in terms of therapeutic efficacy.

Ayurvedic Management of a Large Cystic Thyroid Nodule

Vrinda Aravind — 2025-07-07

A thyroid nodule is a very common palpable swelling in the thyroid gland. About 95% of thyroid nodules are benign in nature. Thyroid nodules require assessment using suitable diagnostic tests and imaging techniques. Any nodule greater than 1cm should be biopsied to check for malignancy. Thyroid nodules occur more frequently in women than men. Here, presenting a case of a lady with a large cystic thyroid nodule in the left lobe, managed under the outpatient department. She presented with rapidly increasing swelling in her neck associated with pressure symptoms and spasming of hands and legs for 4 days. She was prescribed a combination of Varanadi Kashaya, Punnarnavadi Kashaya, Kanchanara Guggulu, Chandraprabha Vati and Gokshura Choorna internally and Karutta Vattu for external application. By the first follow-up itself (after 10 days), the patient felt symptomatic relief. Investigations repeated after 50 days showed considerable change in the size of the cystic nodule. Similarly, there is cosmetic resolution of the swelling at the 50^th day follow up which is evident from the photographs provided.

A Conceptual Study of Agya Chakra and its Neuro-Anatomical Correlation in Modern Science

Karishma Joshi — 2025-07-07

This paper aims to illuminate the parallels between the Agya Chakra, the sixth energy center among the Shad chakras (six main Chakras) described in Yogic traditions- particularly its structures with modern neuro-anatomy. In Yogic philosophy, Chakras are the dynamic centers or vortices of Pranic energy, each located at specific points within the body. They regulate the flow of Prana (life force energy), thereby influencing both structural integrity and physiological processes. When activated through various Yogic practices, these Chakras help modulate psychophysiological functions. Each Chakra is traditionally associated with distinct neuronal plexuses and sub-plexuses, which correspond to specific internal organs and their physiological roles. Focusing on the Agya Chakra, located between the eyebrows, the study integrates classical yogic descriptions with contemporary anatomical knowledge. Based on the position, structure, and functional attributes described in Yogic literature, a strong correlation is observed between the Agya Chakra and the hypothalamic nuclei along with associated neural plexuses. To validate this correlation, a cadaveric study was conducted, which further supported the anatomical resemblance between the Agya Chakra and the hypothalamus and its neural networks. The findings suggest that the Agya Chakra can be interpreted as a symbolic representation of the hypothalamic region within the framework of integrative anatomy.

Efficacy of Selected Ayurvedic Treatment Protocol Against Standard Ayurvedic Protocol in the Management of Meniscal Injuries- A Randomised Controlled Non-Inferiority Trial

Mrudula P.N — 2025-07-07

Meniscal tears are the second most common knee injuries which may lead to chronic pain, reduced mobility, and a higher risk of osteoarthritis if untreated. It may be correlated with Bhagna in ayurveda. Sushrutacharya, in Bhagna chikitsa, recommends Bandhana and Snehaseka for Janu Bhagna, followed by rehabilitative exercises. Methodology: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of a selected Ayurvedic protocol with a standard treatment protocol in MRI-confirmed meniscal injuries. 24 participants were randomly divided into two groups of 12 in each group and treated for 35 days at VPSV Ayurveda College, Kottakkal. Assessments were done on Day 0 and Day 35, with a follow-up after one month. Both groups received Bandhana for 3 weeks. The study group underwent Shashtika Taila Seka and exercises, while the control group received Dhanwantara Taila seka, Shashtika Pinda Sveda, and Matravasti for 2 weeks. Internal medications such as Dhanwantara Kashaya, Lakshaguggulu Vati, and Gandha Taila were given to both groups. Results: Statistical analysis showed improvement in both groups, with the study group showing slightly better symptom relief. The mean difference between the study and control groups was tested for non-inferiority using one-sided t-test and study group was found to be non-inferior. Conclusion: The selected Ayurvedic protocol was found non-inferior to the standard Ayurvedic protocol in managing meniscal tears and improving quality of life.

Zingiber Officinale Rosc. (Shunthi): A Crossroad of Tradition and Modern Pharmacology

Goldi Singh — 2025-07-07

Objective: This article aims to reveal the ancient classical uses of Shunthi for maintaining better health and management of various health illnesses. Data Source: The data on Shunthi (dried ginger) has been systematically gathered from authoritative Ayurvedic classical texts, including Samhitas and Nighantus, as well as from reputable scientific sources such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Review Methods: This article reveals the ancient resourcefulness behind the therapeutic uses of Shunthi from traditional system of medicine to contemporary science. The traditional uses of Shunthi confirms the ayurvedic principles described in Ayurvedic classical texts from Vedic era to till. Conclusion: In this review work, it was found that Shunthi overcomes various diseases related to immune system, digestive system, nervous system and circulatory system. Different herbal, herbomineral and polyherbal formulations of Shunthi have used to maintain the health of individual.

Maricha (Piper Nigrum Linn.): An Integrative Review of Ayurvedic Perspectives and Modern Pharmacological Insights

Shubham Khandekar — 2025-07-07

Background: Piper nigrum Linn. (Maricha), commonly known as black pepper, is a prominent spice in Ayurvedic pharmacopeia known for its Deepana (appetizing), Pachana (digestive), and Krimighna (anthelmintic) properties. Scientific research increasingly supports its traditional use in treating metabolic, respiratory, and gastrointestinal disorders. Objective: This study presents a comprehensive review of the Ayurvedic significance, classical references, phytochemical composition, and pharmacological activities of Maricha, aiming to bridge traditional wisdom with modern scientific validation. Methods: Extensive literature was reviewed from classical Ayurvedic texts, including Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, and modern pharmacological research indexed in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The phytoconstituents and pharmacological activities were analyzed and summarized based on experimental and clinical findings. Results: Piper nigrum contains alkaloids (notably piperine), essential oils (sabinene, limonene), flavonoids (quercetin, catechin), and minerals. It exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, lipid-lowering, immunomodulatory, and insecticidal properties. These findings support its use in managing lifestyle disorders and microbial infections. Its classical indications correlate well with its modern pharmacological activities. Conclusion: The integration of classical Ayurvedic understanding with recent pharmacological evidence highlights the therapeutic versatility of Maricha. It holds potential for development into multi-target phytopharmaceutical agents, especially in metabolic and inflammatory diseases.

Effect of Wet Cupping Therapy (Raktamoksha) in the Management of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Pre-Post Test Design

Shakkira N — 2025-07-07

Background and objective: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) affects approximately 4.25% of the global adult population, with women aged 30–60 years having a threefold higher risk compared to men. CTS primarily manifests as pain, tingling, numbness, and paraesthesia in the thumb, index, middle, and lateral half of the ring finger, with nocturnal exacerbation often relieved by shaking the hands. If untreated, CTS may cause permanent median nerve damage, leading to irreversible numbness, thumb deformity, and muscle atrophy. While surgical interventions provide symptom relief, they carry risks of recurrence, intraoperative complications, and wrist instability. This study aimed to evaluate Raktamokṣa by cupping therapy as a potential alternative or adjunctive treatment for CTS. Methodology: A single-group pre-post-test design was conducted at AVCH Kottakkal with 30 CTS-diagnosed participants. Wet cupping therapy was administered on day 1 and day 16. Assessments were done on days 1, 8, 16, 25, and 45 using the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire and clinical signs and symptoms. Data were analyzed using Friedman test, McNemar test, and Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. Results and discussion: Wet cupping therapy significantly reduced CTS signs and symptoms (p < 0.05). However, no significant changes were observed in nerve conduction velocity studies. Conclusion: Wet cupping therapy in two sittings showed statistically significant improvement in CTS symptoms, supporting the rejection of the null hypothesis and acceptance of the alternative hypothesis regarding its efficacy.

Integrating Ayurveda into Addiction Medicine: A Pilot Trial of Ksheerbala Taila Nasya for Nicotine De-Addiction

Nayek Amrita — 2025-07-07

Commonly found in tobacco derivatives, nicotine is one of the most common forms of addiction in today’s world. With growing dependency on nicotine irrespective of gender or standard of living humans are exposed towards basic to most fatal diseases. According to WHO- global health report, one-fourth (24.9%) of the population including both sexes are nicotine dependent, 40.3% men and 9.5% women. Although there have been many attempts on nicotine de-addiction trials most have failed or relapsed. In this study 10 nicotine dependent individuals were randomly selected from OPD. They were given Nasya therapy with Ksheerbala oil (10 drops each nostril) followed by Tikshna Snaihika Dhumapana after Mukha Abhyanga with Tila taila and Vastra Swedana for a period of 7 days in indoor department with Pratimarsha Nasya (2 drops each nostril) of same oil in the next 7 days. All the 10 cases showed marked decrease in nicotine dependence with highly significant p-value of 0.0019. Nicotine being highly addictive is an anxiolytic drug affecting synaptic junctions of central nervous system. Nasya one of the five Karmas of Panchakarma, is a simple procedure that can be done on OPD basis giving admirable results in de-addiction.

Standardization and Analytical Profiling of Shirashooladi Vajra Rasa: A Comparative Study with Marketed Samples

Ganesh Ananda Tambe — 2025-07-07

Shirahshooladi vajra rasa is a potent mercurial preparation widely used in the treatment of Shirahshoola (headache). It consists of processed mercury and sulphur, incinerated copper and iron along with other herbal ingredients like Triphala, Yastimadhu, Pippali, Shunthi, Vidanga, Dashamula and Guggulu. This formulation is enriched with Vatashamaka (mitigates Vata dosha) herbs like Dashamula, Guggulu etc. Aim and objective: This study aims at developing standard manufacturing procedure (SMP) and analytical parameters of Shirahshooladi vajra rasa along with analysis of its available marketed samples. Methodology: The formulation was prepared in three batches to standardize its pharmaceutical processing. Also, six other available different samples of the Shirashooladi vajra rasa were collected from market and all the seven samples were assessed for quality control parameters to compare their quality. Observations & Result: All the quality control parameters conducted for inhouse and marketed samples were not similar, some variations were found. Conclusion: The average yield obtained from three batches is 99.1%. Analytically, slight variation was observed among all the samples.

Ayurvedic Management of Female Androgenetic Alopecia (Khalitya)

Varsha. V — 2025-07-07

Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA), or pattern baldness, is a common form of non-scarring hair loss primarily affecting the scalp, with a higher incidence in males. Genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors contribute to its pathogenesis. AGA significantly impacts psychological well-being. Conventional treatments like minoxidil, finasteride, and corticosteroids offer temporary benefits but are associated with adverse effects and recurrence of symptoms, prompting the need for safer alternatives. Methods: A 32-year-old female presented in November 2024 with gradual vertex hair loss and a SALT score of 28%. She was treated for one month with Jalaukavacharana (leech therapy), external application of Shirolepa (herbal paste), and internal Rasayana (rejuvenative) medications. Result: By the end of treatment, the patient showed visible improvement in scalp condition and hair density, with the SALT score reducing to 12%. Discussion: The classical Ayurvedic approach effectively managed AGA by enhancing blood circulation and follicular nourishment, offering a safe and holistic alternative to modern therapies.

Critical Appraisal of Lakshanaskandha of Bruhat-Tryaee with special reference to Pandu

Rajput Rajendrasinh — 2025-07-07

Lakshanas (symptoms and signs) are the backbone of clinical practice, whether in the form of physiological or pathological condition, in context of diagnosis or treatment one need to rely on the manifested symptoms only. Here it is very much important to understand pathophysiology of Pandu in different given context to understand seriousness of the condition and to plan the treatment accordingly. Materials and Methods: Mainly Bruhattrayee i.e., Charaka Sahmita, Sushruta Sahmita and Ashtanga Hridaya with its well-known commentary was selected as main text and Pandu has been searched. Results: It appears 23 times in Charaka Samhita, 21 times in Sushruta Samhita, and 8 times in Ashtanga Hrudaya. In the context of clinical signs and symptoms, references to Pandu were identified as follows: 2 instances as Purvarupa, 12 as Rupa, 7 as Upadrava, 2 as Ariṣhṭa, and 29 instances categorized under miscellaneous references. Discussion: The therapeutic approach to Pandu Roga must be individualized and rooted in a comprehensive understanding of its Samprapti. The selection of treatment modalities should be based on the underlying aetiology. Conclusion: Each symptom has its own specific Samprapti. Different symptoms can arise from various mechanisms. To effectively address Pandu, it is crucial to evaluate the causative factors and pathogenesis and plan the treatment accordingly.

Krishna’s® She Care Ayurvedic Juice: A Literature-Based Review of its Polyherbal Approach to Women’s Hormonal Balance

Shrawan Daga — 2025-07-07

Krishna’s^® She Care Juice is a polyherbal preparation that is intended to promote women's reproductive health, especially in the management of conditions such as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), irregular menstrual cycles, dysmenorrhea, and other gynecological disorders. This review summarizes the existing scientific and clinical literature regarding the major herbal constituents of the product i.e., Saraca asoca, Berberis aristata, Zingiber officinale, and Triphala emphasizing their unique roles in modifying hormonal equilibrium, anti-inflammatory actions, uterine health promotion, and enhancing metabolic indices. Clinical trials of S. asoca establish its effectiveness in curtailing menstrual bleeding and dysmenorrhea. B. aristata demonstrated insulin-sensitizing activity, useful in the management of PCOS, while Z. officinale has evidence based on randomized controlled trials for its analgesic and hormone-modulating action. Triphala, exhibiting antioxidant and adaptogenic activities, proved useful in the control of menstrual disorders, Premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and endometriosis. While encouraging evidence exists for each of these individual herbs, a major gap still exists in direct clinical evidence comparing the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of the combination formulation as it occurs in Krishna’s^® She Care Juice. This serves to underscore the imperative need for pre-clinical mechanistic studies and rigorously designed clinical trials to establish its therapeutic merits, refine dosing regimens, and define safety profiles. The novel traditional application and corroborative findings on its components render Krishna’s^® She Care Juice an interesting subject for future investigation, with the potential to become a standardized, evidence-based Ayurvedic treatment for women's health.

Significance and Utility of Raktashali (Red Rice) in Ayurveda - A Narrative Review

Pragati V Kotur — 2025-07-07

Raktashali, or red rice, recognized for its distinctive red bran and unrefined nature, holds a place of prominence in Ayurveda for its nutritional richness and therapeutic potential. Ancient Ayurvedic scriptures- including the Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya, and Bhavaprakasha Nighantu repeatedly affirm Raktashali’s ability to harmonize the Tridoshas Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. It is described as having a sweet taste (Madhura rasa), cooling energy (Shita virya), light digestive quality (Laghu), and nourishing effect (Pushtiprada), making it especially beneficial in conditions such as fever, inflammation, ulcers, and overall physical debility. Ayurveda regards food as fundamental to health, and Raktashali is classified as Nitya Sevaniya Ahara, a food suitable for daily consumption owing to its role in tissue nourishment, digestive support, and immune modulation. Its applications are extensive: it plays a vital role in Samsarjana Krama, the graduated dietary regimen following Panchakarma therapies; it is recommended during monsoon (Varsha Ritu) to rekindle digestive strength (Agni); and it serves as a traditional staple in regions like Coastal Karnataka and Kerala. Modern nutritional science corroborates these benefits, identifying high levels of antioxidants, flavonoids, iron, and zinc, along with a low glycemic index that supports heart health, reduces inflammation, and aids in glycemic control. Additionally, its bran is rich in bioactive compounds, such as tocopherols, tocotrienols, and catechins- known for liver-protective and anticancer properties. By synthesizing ancient Ayurvedic wisdom with current scientific evidence, this review underscores Raktashali’s role as a versatile functional grain suitable for both therapeutic use and everyday nutrition in preventive and integrative healthcare models.

Human Gut Microbiome in Health and Disease-An Ayurvedic Perspective

Ranjana Janardhanan T — 2025-07-07

The human gut microbiome refers to the complex collection of trillions of microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, which play a crucial role in homeostasis and disease. Over the past few years, our understanding of the microbiome has evolved significantly, highlighting its impact on a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. This emerging knowledge has transformed health sciences, revealing the gut microbiome’s essential role in maintaining metabolic, immune and neurological health. In this context, Ayurveda, a traditional system of medicine originating in India, has long emphasized the importance of gut health. Ayurveda’s integrative approach of dietary guidelines, lifestyle modifications, treatments, and practices aimed at restoring balance within the body. The "Agni" (digestive fire) in Ayurvedic terms, is considered a central element of health. Ayurveda teaches that proper digestion is essential not only for physical well-being but also for mental clarity and emotional stability. Ayurveda offers supportive view into modern microbiome science by focusing on the balance of bodily humours (Doshas) and recommending specific herbs, probiotics, and prebiotics that can support gut health. In-depth analysis of Ayurvedic concepts and practices in line with the theory of microbiome proves that they are aimed at maintaining a balanced gut flora. As microbiome research continues to evolve, Ayurveda's emphasis on individualized care, nurturing the gut microbiome and enhancing overall health.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Anger from the Perspective of Ancient Indian Literatures, Ayurveda and Western Psychology

Soumyadip Saha — 2025-07-07

Different Indian literatures have discussed the genesis of anger along with its different negative impact with approaches to overcome it, among which Ramayana, Mahabharata and Bhagavad Gita are principal ones. Apart from them various other texts like Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras, Manusmriti, Chanakya Niti Darpana etc. also have discussed the various aspect of anger. Likewise principal Ayurvedic texts like Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita also addressed this topic and discussed thoroughly about its genesis, character, assessment and its role in causation of diseases. Likewise, in recent times many modern psychologists also have investigated anger as a global social problem and threw light on its physiological and cognitive aspects. Discussions: Patanjali’s Yoga Sutra viewed anger as one of the Chitta Vrittis as well as among Pancha Klesha. Patanjali advised to overcome anger by habituating the mind into contrary ideas. Manusmriti viewed anger as a negative emotion which has lots of repulsion in human’s social and personal life. Likewise, other texts on morality and ethics like Chanakya Niti Darpana, Panchatantram, Hitopadesha etc. have similarly analysed anger and its negative impact. Primarily Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita also described anger as product of vitiation of Pitta Dosha as well as Raja - Tama Dosha. In addition, Charaka Samhita also discussed the method of assessment of anger, its anthropological genesis in Kali Yuga, its importance as forbidden object in various compromised conditions. They have discovered new facts like role of amygdala in provocation of anger. Based on all these findings, the present authors have chalked out some fundamental approaches of anger management from the perspective of ancient Vedic tradition, Ayurveda as well as modern psychology. Conclusions: The present study is a novel approach in discussing anger with all its psychopathology, impact on personal and social life as well as its management in a comprehensive manner showing the perspectives of age-old Indian literatures, various texts of Ayurveda as well as modern psychology.

Incompatible Foods and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children: A Review of the Evidence

Vaibhav Jaisawal — 2025-07-08

Neurodevelopmental disorders such as Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD), autism and anxiety are becoming more common in India, posing a significant economic and social burden on the country. Despite extensive research the exact causes of ADHD and autism remain unclear. Both conditions are multifactorial involving genetic, environmental and biological factors. Poor diet being a significant contributing factor for the increasing prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders. Objective: Investigate the relationship between diet and neurodevelopmental disorders like ADHD and autism, and explore Ayurvedic principles in understanding this relationship. Data source extensive research on neurodevelopmental disorders, Ayurvedic texts, and modern scientific studies on diet's impact on brain development and function. Review methods comprehensive review of existing research on neurodevelopmental disorders, Ayurvedic principles, and diet's impact on brain health, considering modern food consumption patterns. Result: Poor diet is a significant contributing factor to neurodevelopmental disorders. Consuming preserved foods, high sugar, and unhealthy fats leads to inflammation, oxidative stress, and disruption of the gut-brain axis. Conclusion: Ayurvedic principles provide valuable insights into the relationship between diet and neurodevelopmental disorders. Identifying new food incompatibilities relevant to modern food consumption patterns may help develop dietary interventions to prevent or manage these disorders.

Asphaltum Punjabianum (Shilajit): Unraveling Myths with Scientific Evidence

Ashif Iqubal — 2025-07-07

Shilajit is a mineral-rich resin that has a long history of use as a rejuvenator (Rasayana) in Ayurvedic medicine to treat various ailments such as arthritis, infertility, and cognitive decline. Although it is becoming increasingly popular, with more scientific validations, many myths still surround its actual clinical potential. This review directly debunks several persistent myths about Shilajit based on a critical evidence-based analysis. Among the key myths addressed is the notion that only men should take Shilajit, that it is solely a sexual health enhancer, that it works acutely, and that its supplements can be contaminated, rendering them inherently unsafe or unnatural. According to scientific sources, Shilajit is beneficial for both men and women, and it has been proven to contribute to bone health, metabolic processes, antioxidation, and cognitive enhancement. Rather than acting as an acute stimulant, Shilajit functions more as a slow-acting adaptogen that must be taken continuously over several weeks to produce observable physiological adaptations. It is also well-tolerated even in very high doses, as indicated by its toxicological and clinical safety data, provided it is purified. The concerns regarding contamination are addressed through purification, with the majority of certified products meeting global safety standards. Secondary myths, including the belief that Shilajit causes constipation, is inadvisable to use in summer, or leads to kidney stones, are also disproven by clinical and preclinical evidence. Ultimately, one can conclude that Shilajit is an effective and safe multilateral nutraceutical with diverse therapeutic potential. This review advocates for its incorporation into modern healthcare through science-based, myth-busting integration and challenges clinicians to base their recommendations on usage grounded in empirical evidence and quality assurance.